import random as rnd
answer = rnd.randint(1,8)
#This is a single line comment
""" This is
a multiline
comment"""
firstString = "Ahmed's book is here"
secondString = 'I "gave" the book to Ahmed'
x = True
y = False
| Operator | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| + | Addition | 1 + 1 = 2 |
| - | Subtraction | 10 - 1 = 9 |
| * | Multiplication | 3 * 5 = 15 |
| / | Division | 10 / 5 = 2 |
| % | Modulus (remainder) | 11 % 5 = 1 |
| ** | Exponent | 3 ** 2 = 9 |
| // | Floor division | 11 // 5 = 2 |
| Operator | Meaning |
|---|---|
| < | Less than |
| <= | Less than or equal to |
| > | Greater than |
| >= | Greater than or equal to |
| == | Equal to |
| != | Not equal to |
| is | Object identity |
| is not | Negated object identity |
| Operator | Code Example | What It Determines |
|---|---|---|
| or | x or y | Either x or y is True |
| and | x and y | Both x and y are True |
| not | not x | x is not True |
x = 10 # Assigning the value 10 to variable x
#Using line breaks
first_name = "Ahmed"
last_name = "Harbi"
#Using semicolon
first_name = "Ahmed"; last_name = "Harbi"
| Built-in Function | Purpose |
|---|---|
| abs(x) | returns absolute value |
| bin(x) | Returns a string with the value of x in binary |
| float(x) | Converts a string or number to the float data type |
| format(x, y) | Returns x formatted according to pattern in y |
| hex(x) | Convert x to hexadecimal, prefixed with 0x |
| int(x) | Converts x to integer by truncating the decimal portion |
| max(x, y, z,...) | Return the largest number |
| min(x, y, z, ...) | Return the smallest number |
| oct(x) | Convert x to octal number, prefixed with 0o |
| round(x, y) | Rounds x to y number of decimal places |
| str(x) | Converts x from number to string |
| type(x) | Returns a string indicating the data type of x |
| Function | Purpose |
|---|---|
| math.acos(x) | arccosine x in radians |
| math.atan(x) | arctangent of x in radians |
| math.atan2(y, x) | Converts rectangular coordinates (x,y) to polar coordinates (r,theta) |
| math.ceil(x) | ceiling of x, smallest integer greater than or equal x |
| math.cos(x) | cosine x |
| math.degrees(x) | Convert angle x from radians to degrees |
| math.e | mathematical constant e |
| math.exp(x) | e raised to the power x |
| math.factorial(x) | factorial of x |
| math.floor(x) | floor of x, largest integer less than or equal to x |
| math.isnan(x) | True if x is not a number |
| math.log(x,y) | logarithm of x to base y |
| math.log2(x) | base-2 logarithm of x |
| math.pi | The mathematical constant pi (3.14..) |
| math.pow(x,y) | x raised to the power y |
| math.radians(x) | convert angle x from degrees to radians |
| math.sin(x) | sine of x |
| math.sqrt(x) | square root of x |
| math.tan(x) | tangent of x |
| math.tau() | mathematical constant tau (6.283185...) |
username = "Mohammed"
print(f"Hello {username})
quantity = 100
unit_price = 14.997
print(f"Subtotal: ${quantity * unit_price:,.2f}")
sales_tax_rate = 0.065
print(f"Sales Tax Rate {sales_tax_rate:.2%}")
user1 = "Ahmed"
user2 = "Mohammed"
user3 = "Hussam"
output = f"{user1}\n{user2}\n{user3}"
print(output)
user1 = "Ahmed"
user2 = "Mohammed"
user3 = "Hussam"
output = f"""{user1}
{user2}
{user3}"""
print(output)
subtotal = 1598.40
sales_tax = 103.90
total = 1702.30
print(f"""
Subtotal: ${subtotal:>9,.2f}
Sales Tax: ${sales_tax:>9,.2f}
Total: ${total:>9,.2f}
""")
Subtotal: $ 1,598.40
Sales Tax: $ 103.90
Total: $ 1,702.30
| System | Also Called | Digits Used | Symbol | Function |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Base 2 | Binary | 0,1 | 0b | bin() |
| Base 8 | Octal | 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 | 0o | oct() |
| Base 16 | Hexadecimal | 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F | 0x | hex() |
x = 255
print(bin(x))
print(0b11111111)
0b11111111
255
print("My" + " " + "name" + " " + "is" + " " + "Mohammed")
My Name is Mohammed
s1 = ""
s2 = " "
s3 = "A B C"
print(len(s1))
print(len(s2))
print(len(s3))
0
1
5
| Operator | Purpose |
|---|---|
| x in s | True if x exists in string s |
| x not in s | True if x is not in string s |
| s * n (or n * s) | Repeats s n times |
| s[i] | Returns the ith item of string s |
| s[i:j] | A slice from string s from position i until j |
| s[i:j:k] | A slice of s from i to j with step k |
| min(s) | Returns the smallest character in s |
| max(s) | Returns that largest character in s |
| s.index(x,[i,j]) | The numeric position of the first occurrence of x in string s. i and j are optional limits to the search from i to j |
| s.count(x) | The number of times x appears in s |
| Method | Purpose |
|---|---|
| s.capitalize() | capitalize the first letter and the rest lowercase |
| s.count(x, [y, z]) | The number of times x appears in s from position y to z |
| s.find(x, y, z) | Returns a number indicating the first position where x can be found in s from position y to z |
| s.isalpha() | True if s at least has one character and contains only letters |
| s.isdecimal() | True if s is at least one character long and contains only numeric characters |
| s.islower() | True if all letters are lowercase |
| s.isnumeric() | True if s is at least one character long and contains only numeric characters |
| s.isprintable() | True if string s contains only printable characters |
| s.istitle() | True if s contains letters and the first letter of each word is uppercase followed by lowercase |
| s.isupper() | True if all letters are uppercase |
| s.lstrip() | Returns s without leading space |
| s.replace(x, y) | Returns a copy of string s with all x characters replaced with y |
| s.rfind(x, y, z) | Searches backward from end of string, or from z to y. returns -1 if substring not found |
| s.rindex() | Same as s.rfind() but returns an error if substring not found |
| s.rstrip() | removes tailing spaces |
| s.swapcase() | Converts uppercase to lowercase and vice versa. |
| s.strip() | Remove leading and trailing spaces |
| s.title() | Return s string with the first letter of each word in uppercase and other letters in lowercase |
| s.upper() | Returns string with all letters in uppercase |
import datetime as dt
today = dt.date.today()
test_day = dt.date(2024, 9, 7)
print(today)
print(test_day)
print(test_day.month)
print(test_day.day)
print(test_day.year)
2024-12-22
2024-09-07
9
7
2024
| Directive | Description | Example Output |
|---|---|---|
| %a | Weekday, abbreviated | Sun |
| %A | Weekday, full | Sunday |
| %w | Weekday number 0-6, 0 is Sunday | 0 |
| %d | Number of day of the month 01-31 | 31 |
| %b | Month name abbreviated | Jan |
| %B | Month name full | January |
| %m | Month number 0-12 | 01 |
| %y | Year without century | 24 |
| %Y | Year with century | 2024 |
| %H | Hour 00-23 | 22 |
| %I | Hour 00-12 | 11 |
| %p | AM/PM | PM |
| %M | Minute 00-59 | 03 |
| %S | Second 00-59 | 45 |
| %f | Microsecond 000000-999999 | 236478 |
| %z | UTC offset | -0500 |
| %Z | Time zone | EST |
| %j | Day number of year 001-366 | 300 |
| %U | Week number of year, Sunday first day of week, 00-53 | 50 |
| %W | Week number of year, Monday first day of week, 00-53 | 50 |
| %c | Local version of date and time | Tue Dec 21 23:59:45 2024 |
| %x | Local version of date | 12/22/2024 |
| %X | Local version of time | 22:16:59 |
| %% | A % character | % |
| Format string | Example |
|---|---|
| %a, %b %d %Y | Sun, Dec 22 2024 |
| %m-%d-%y | 12-22-24 |
| This %A %B %d | This Sunday December 22 |
| %A %B %d is day number %j of %Y | Saturday June 01 is day number 152 of 2019 |
variablename = datetime.time(hour, minute, second, microsecond)
| Format String | Example |
|---|---|
| %I:%M %p | 11:59 PM |
| %H:%M%S and %f microseconds | 23:59:59 and 129384 microseconds |
| %X | 23:59:59 |
import datatime as dt
print(dt.datetime.now())
2024-12-22 10:00:40.800331
| Format String | Example |
|---|---|
| %A, %B %d at %I:%M%p | Tuesday, December 31 at 11:45PM |
| %m/%d/%y at %H:%M | 12/22/24 at 22:36 |
| %I:%M %p on %b %d | 11:59 PM on Dec 31 |
| %I:%M %p on %m/%d/%y | 1:59 PM on 12/31/19 |
import datetime as dt
here_now = dt.datetime.now()
utc_now = dt.datetime.utcnow()
time_difference = (utc_now - here_now)
print(f"My time : {here_now: %I:%M %p}")
print(f"UTC time : {utc_now: %I:%M %p}")
print(f"Difference: {time_difference}")
My time : 01:02 PM
UTC time : 06:02 PM
Difference: 5:00:00
| Operator | Meaning |
|---|---|
| == | Is equal to |
| != | Is not equal to |
| < | Is less than |
| > | Is greater than |
| <= | Is less than or equal to |
| >= | Is greater than or equal to |
| Operator | Meaning |
|---|---|
| and | Both are true |
| or | One of the other is true |
| not | Is not true |
if condition: do this
do this no matter what
if x == 0:
x = x +1
print("This line will also execute")
print("This line is also part of the if statement block")
print("This line is not part of the block")
if x > 5:
print("This will only be printed if condition is true.")
else:
print("This will only be printed if condition is false.")
if name == "Ahmed":
print("Hi Ahmed")
elif name == "Mohammed":
print("Hi Mohammed")
elif name == "Hussam":
print("Hussam is eating Fish!")
else:
print("The last else is optional")
for x in range(y):
do this
do this
...
un-indented code will execute after the loop is complete
for x in range(3):
print(x)
print("All done")
0
1
2
All done
for x in range(1, 4):
print(x)
print("All done")
1
2
3
All done
name = "Ahmed"
for x in name:
print(x)
print("Done")
A
h
m
e
d
Done
for x in ["My", "name", "is", "Mohammed"]:
print(x)
print("Done")
My
name
is
Mohammed
Done
for x in range(5):
if x == 3:
break
print(x)
print("Done")
0
1
2
Done
for x in range(5):
if x == 3:
continue
print(x)
print("Done")
0
1
2
4
Done
for x in ["First", "Second", "Third"]:
print(x)
for y in range(1, 4):
print(y)
print("both loops are done")
First
1
2
3
Second
1
2
3
Third
1
2
3
both loops are done
counter = 5
while counter < 11:
print(counter)
counter += 1
5
6
7
8
9
10
counter = 0
while counter < 6:
counter += 1
if counter == 3:
continue
print(counter)
1
2
4
5
6
counter = 0
while counter < 6:
if counter == 4:
break
print(counter)
counter += 1
0
1
2
3